ABSTRACT: Phosphorus (P) fixation in the soil reduces the utilization of this element by plants and can be one of the main problems for fertilization management in soils containing Fe oxides. As a strategy to minimize the effects of P retention, organic materials, such as biochar or commercial composts, may be useful tools to maintain P availability and delay immobilization of this element in the soil, thereby benefiting, for example, the rehabilitation of areas impacted by Fe mining. The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of P sorption and desorption and the hysteresis index in red mining waste from Fe mining subjected to açaí biochar and commercial compost amendments. Therefore, a substrate collected from Fe mining waste piles in the Carajás Mineral Province was incubated for 30 days with açaí biochar, commercial compost, and açaí biochar + commercial compost at a ratio of 90 % mining waste and 10 % organic amendment (w/w). The P sorption and desorption kinetics were evaluated in a solution containing 10 mg L−1 P at times from 0.5 to 48 h; the data were modeled according to a pseudo-first-order equation considering two types of reaction sites, and the hysteresis index was obtained by the difference between the sorption and desorption isotherms. Treatment of the mining substrate with açaí biochar reduced P sorption, while P desorption was increased by up to 60 % by applying biochar and/or commercial compost. Açaí biochar also reduced the hysteresis of P sorption from 78 to 54.8 %, in addition to slowing P fixation in this substrate. Thus, this study showed that açaí biochar and commercial compost may maximize the benefits of phosphate fertilization during the rehabilitation of areas impacted by Fe mining. However, as these composts can cause different effects on P dynamics in mining waste, their effects on other elements, such as micronutrients, whose availability may be affected, are important to be evaluated.

ABSTRACT Due to the large extent of degraded areas in the Amazon, the use of conservation systems is very important to contain the advance of the agricultural frontier, and may favor the availability of nutrients such as phosphorus (P). This study evaluated effect of tillage systems on and cover plants distribution of organic P fractions (Po) in oxisol under soybean and grasses in crop successions. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates and five treatments: (i) conventional tillage (CT) with annual soil tillage; (ii) no-till (NT) in succession with Urochloa ruziziensis (NT1); (iii) NT in succession with U. brizantha (NT2); (iv) NT in succession with Panicum maximum (NT3); and (v) a control consisting of a fragment of native vegetation (NV). The Po fractions were quantified at depths of 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm, before and after soybean cultivation and the P fractions were analyzed. The samples at a depth 0-5 and 5-10 cm had increased levels of biomass P in the NT1 and NT2. In addition, at depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm, the treatments in no-tillage systems accumulated the most of the Po labile fractions. These results showed that conservation systems tend to accumulate most of the P fractions in soil through decomposition of organic residues. Thus, no-tillage system was shown to be important for Po supply, where the use of U. brizantha ‘Piatã’ (NT2) favored higher levels of organic P in labile and moderately labile fractions in soil, which was considered the best alternative for Po supply among the species tested.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da interação entre silício e nitrogênio nos teores de clorofila, nitrato, amônio e nitrogênio total, na produção de biomassa e nos números de perfilhos e de panículas em arroz cultivado em solução nutritiva. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo duas concentrações de silício (0 e 50 mg L-1) e cinco as de nitrogênio (20; 50; 100; 200 e 400 mg L-1), com três repetições. No estádio de formação do colar da folha bandeira foram realizadas a leitura SPAD e as determinações dos teores de clorofila a e b, nitrogênio nítrico, amoniacal e total. No estádio de maturidade completa da panícula, foram avaliados os números de perfilhos e de panículas e determinaram-se os pesos de matéria seca de raiz e parte aérea e o acúmulo de silício na planta. Os resultados mostraram que o fornecimento de silício não alterou o perfilhamento, a produção de matéria seca e os teores de nitrogênio total. O silício elevou os valores SPAD, os teores de clorofila a e b, os teores de nitrato nas raízes e o número de panículas, especialmente em doses elevadas de nitrogênio.

The present study aimed to evaluate the interaction effect between silicon and nitrogen in the content of chlorophyll, nitrate, ammonium and total nitrogen, dry matter production, number of tillers and number of panicles rice-plant cultivated in nutritional solution. A factorial design 5 x 2 trial installed in a completely randomized design was used being two silicon (0 and 50mg L-1) and five nitrogen (20; 50; l00; 200 and 400 mg L-1) concentrations. In the stadium of the flag leaf collar formation SPDA reading and the a and b chlorophyll contents, ammoniacal and total nitrogen determinations in plants were detemined. During the panicle complete maturity stadium, the number of tillers and panicles were evaluated and the aerial part and root dry matter contents and silicon accumulation were determined. The outcomes show that the silicon supply did not change the tillering, the dry matter production and total nitrogen contents. The silicon increased the SPAD values, the a and b chlorophyll and the root nitrate contents, and the number of panicles, especially at high nitrogen levels.

Com o objetivo de caracterizar as limitações nutricionais para a produção de matéria seca do mangarito [(Xanthosoma mafaffa (L.) Schott)], conduziu-se um experimento em casa de vegetação com amostras da camada de 0-20 cm de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo sob vegetação de cerrado, coletado no município de Montes Claros, MG. O cultivo foi realizado em vasos de 3 L de capacidade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em treze tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram baseados na técnica do elemento faltante (em que se omite a calagem e cada um dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes). A ordem decrescente dos tratamentos que mais afetaram a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea foi: -Calagem> -P > -S > testemunha > -B > -Calagem+Ca+Mg > -N > -K. A omissão de Ca, Mg, Zn e Cu não afetaram a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea. A ordem decrescente dos tratamentos que mais afetaram a produção de matéria seca de raízes foi: -B > -Mg > -Calagem+Ca+Mg > -K > -N > -Zn > -Calagem > -S > -Cu > -Ca > -Cu > -Ca > testemunha > -P.

The aim of this work was to characterize the nutritional limitations for dry matter production of Xanthosoma mafaffa (L.) Schott. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with 0-20 cm samples of a Oxisol under cerrado vegetation, collected at Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The cultivation was conducted in 3 L pots. The experimental design was totally randomized with 13 treatments and three replications. Treatments were based on the missing element technique (with omission of liming and each one of the macro and micronutrients). The decreasing order of treatments that more influenced the aerial dry matter production was: -liming> -P > -S > test > -B > -liming+Ca+Mg > -N > -K. The omission of Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu did not influence the aerial dry matter production. The decreasing order of treatments that influenced the root dry matter production was: -B > - Mg > -liming+Ca+Mg > -K > -N > -Zn > -liming > -S > -Cu > -Ca > -Cu > -Ca > test > -P.

O objetivo desse estudo foi o de caracterizar as limitações nutricionais para a produção de matéria seca do maxixe-do-reino, Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad. Foram realizados dois cultivos sucessivos, em vasos de 3 dm³ de solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em treze tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram baseados na técnica do elemento faltante (em que se omite a calagem e cada um dos macronutrientes e micronutrientes). A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz foi reduzida pela acidez do solo e baixa disponibilidade de macronutrientes, principalmente P, Ca, Mg e S; as plantas foram pouco afetadas pela baixa disponibilidade de micronutrientes.

The objective of this work was to characterize the nutritional limitations for dry matter production of Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad. Two successive cultivations were conducted in 3 dm³ pots with soil. The experimental design was totally randomized with 13 treatments and three replications. Treatments were based on the missing element technique (with omission of liming and each one of the macro and micronutrients). Cyclanthera pedata plants have their dry matter production reduced by soil acidity and low macronutrients availability, mainly P, Ca, Mg and S, and were little affected by low micronutrients availability.